White Shrimp Research Articles

Effects of sex on innate immunity characteristics in the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Effects of sex on innate immunity characteristics in the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of the C-Type Lectin Domain Family 4 Member F in Litopenaeus vannamei against White Spot Syndrome Virus

White spot disease (WSD) outbreaks pose a significant threat to the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming industry. The causative agent is the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). There are no effective treatments for WSD so far. Therefore, understanding the resistance mechanisms of L. vannamei against the WSSV is crucial. C-type lectins (CTLs) are important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that promote agglutination, phagocytosis, encapsulation, bacteriostasis, and antiviral infections. This study cloned the C-type lectin domain family 4 member F (LvCLEC4F) from L. vannamei. LvCLEC4F contains a 492 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 163 amino acids, including a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Following a challenge with the WSSV, the expression profile of LvCLEC4F was significantly altered. Using RNA interference (RNAi) technology, it was found that LvCLEC4F promotes WSSV replication and affects the expression levels of genes related to the regulation of apoptosis, signaling and cellular stress response, and immune defense. Meanwhile, the hemolymph agglutination phenomenon in vivo was weakened when LvCLEC4F was knocked down. These results indicated that LvCLEC4F may play an important role in the interaction between L. vannamei and WSSV.

Growth Reduction of Vibrionaceae and Microflora Diversity in Ice-Stored Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Treated with a Low-Frequency Electric Field

A novel storage technique that combines the low-frequency electric field (LFEF) and ice temperature was used to extend the shelf life of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The study investigated the effect of LFEF treatment on the quality and microbial composition of Penaeus vannamei during storage at ice temperature. The results showed that the LFEF treatment significantly extended the shelf life of shrimp during storage at ice temperature. The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH of samples increased over time, while the total viable count (TVC) showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Obviously, shrimp samples treated with LFEF had a lower pH, TVB-N and TVC values than the untreated samples (p < 0.05) at the middle and late stages of storage. LFEF treatment increased the diversity and altered the composition of the microbial communities in Penaeus vannamei. Additionally, the treatment led to a decrease in the relative abundance of dominant spoilage bacteria, including Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Moritella, in Penaeus vannamei stored at ice temperature for 11 days. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that TVB-N and pH had a significant and positive correlation with Pseudoalteromonas, suggesting that Pseudoalteromonas had a greater impact on shrimp quality. This study supports the practical application of accelerated low-frequency electric field-assisted shrimp preservation as an effective means of maintaining shrimp meat quality.

Two hexokinases of the shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei are differentially expressed during oxygen limited conditions

The white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei is the most cultivated shrimp worldwide. Compared to other shrimp species, it has higher resistance to adverse conditions. During hypoxia, the shrimp reduces oxygen consumption and adjusts energy metabolism via anaerobic glycolysis, among other strategies. Hexokinase (HK) is the first enzyme of glycolysis and a key regulation point. In mammals and other vertebrates, there are several tissue-specific HK isoforms with differences in expression and enzyme activity. In contrast, crustacean HKs have been relatively little studied. We studied the P. (L.) vannamei HK isoforms during hypoxia and reoxygenation. We cloned two HK1 sequences named HK1-long (1455 bp) and HK1-short (1302 bp), and one HK2 (1344 bp). In normoxia, total HK1 expression is higher in hepatopancreas, while HK2 is higher in gills. Severe hypoxia (1 mg/L of DO) after 12 h exposure and 1 h of reoxygenation increased HK1 expression in both organs, but HK2 expression changed differentially. In hepatopancreas, HK2 expression increased in 6 and 12 h of hypoxia but diminished to normoxia levels after reoxygenation. In gills, HK2 expression decreased after 12 h of hypoxia. HK activity increased in hepatopancreas after 12 h hypoxia, opposite to gills. These results indicate that shrimp HK isoforms respond to hypoxia and reoxygenation in a tissue-specific manner. Intracellular glucose levels did not change in any case, showing the shrimp ability to maintain glucose homeostasis during hypoxia.

Mysid meal as a dietary replacement for fishmeal in the diets of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) postlarvae

The current study evaluates the nutritional and feed value of mysid meal (MM) as a substitute for fishmeal (FM) in the Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) postlarvae diet. Five experimental diets were formulated by replacing 0 (MM0), 25 (MM25), 50 (MM50), 75 (MM75), and 100 % (MM100) of dietary FM with MM. These experimental feeds were fed to P. vannamei postlarvae in a 60-day feeding trial. Results revealed that MM could entirely substitute 100 % FM in the white shrimp diet. Furthermore, results showed that 75 % FM replacement with MM elicited a growth-enhancing effect and improved feed nutrient utilization. No significant treatment effects were detected in the survival, total feed intake, and biochemical body composition of P. vannamei. The observed improvement in shrimp growth in terms of weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and nutrient retention were positively correlated with the substitution level of FM by MM. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was negatively correlated with the substitution of MM and with the growth indices including WG and SGR. In conclusion, 100% of the FM (40% in the control diet) can be substituted by dietary MM without affecting the survival, growth, feed utilization, and biochemical carcass composition of P. vannamei. Polynomial regression analysis of SGR indicates that 65.50% of MM is optimum to replace FM in the diet of P. vannamei to attain maximum growth.

CATCH COMPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS LEVEL OF SONDONG FISHING GEAR LANDED AT THE FISHERY HARBOR OF RIAU PROVINCE

Sondong fishing gear is one of the dominant fishing gear used by fishermen in the UPT Fisheries port of Riau Province Dumai City, which, when operated, can scrape to the bottom of the waters. The specifications of sondong fishing gear affect the catch. This study aimed to determine the composition of catches based on type, length, and weight and explain the level of environmental friendliness of sondong fishing gear that refers to the FAO 1995 CCRF criteria and Taeran 2014 subcriteria. The method used in this research is a survey method, which is conducted by conducting interviews and collecting data directly in the field, then analyzing it using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the composition of the main catch was white shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis), red prawn (P.monodon), and kelong shrimp (P. indicus). At the same time, the bycatch was white pomfret (Pampus argenteus), gulamah (Pseudocienna amovensis), gangetic anchovy (Thryssa mystax), malung (Muraenesox cinereus), stingray (Dasyatis sp), and crab (Portunus pelagicus). The environmentally friendly level of sondong fishing gear, with a value of 16.43 from the interviews with 23 respondents using 8 criteria, states that sondong fishing gear is a category of fishing gear that is not environmentally friendly.

Identification of Growth-Related Gene BAMBI and Analysis of Gene Structure and Function in the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

As one of the most important aquaculture species in the world, the improvement of growth traits of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), has always been a primary focus. In this study, we conducted SNP-specific locus analysis and identified a growth-related gene, BAMBI, in L. vannamei. We analyzed the structure and function of LvBAMBI using genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and RNA interference (RNAi) assays. The LvBAMBI possessed highly conserved structural domains and widely expressed in various tissues. Knockdown of LvBAMBI significantly inhibited the gain of body length and weight of the shrimp, underscoring its role as a growth-promoting factor. Specifically, knockdown of LvBAMBI resulted in a significant downregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, catabolism and transport, and immunity. Conversely, genes related to glucose metabolism exhibited significant upregulations. Analysis of differential metabolites (DMs) in metabolomics further revealed that LvBAMBI knockdown may primarily affect shrimp growth by regulating biological processes related to lipid and glucose metabolism. These results suggested that LvBAMBI plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and protein transport in shrimp. This study provides valuable insights for future research and utilization of BAMBI genes in shrimp and crustaceans.

Combined effect of prior pulsed electric field, dechlorophyllized soursop leaf extract and vacuum impregnation on melanosis inhibition and shelf-life extension of refrigerated Pacific white shrimp

Pacific white shrimp without and with prior pulsed electric field (PEF) followed by soaking in 0.5 and 1 % soursop leaf extract (SLE) without and with vacuum impregnation (VI) for 2 cycles were prepared. After soaking, PEF-treated shrimp in 1% SLE in combination with VI (PEF-SLE1-VI), 13 phenolic compounds in shrimp meat were found. When the changes in quality of shrimp with varying treatments were monitored, PEF-SLE1-VI showed the lowest alterations during 15 days of storage. It was the only sample having the microbial load below the maximum limit after 15 days and showed the lowest melanosis with likeness score defined as “like slightly”. Such treatment retarded microbial growth, particularly psychrotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas. Overall, prior PEF treatment of whole shrimp before soaking in 1% SLE with the aid of VI maintained quality and lengthened shelf life via inhibiting melanosis and deterring microbial proliferation in refrigerated shrimp.

The role of dietary Clostridium autoethanogenum protein in the growth, disease resistance, intestinal health and transcriptome response of Pacific white shrimp under different stocking densities

With the rapid development of intensive farming mode and the high price of fishmeal (FM), finding alternatives to FM and exploring the application under different stocking densities has become a focus of current research in aquaculture. In this research, the ability of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to utilize Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) at different stocking densities was investigated from the aspects of growth, disease resistance, intestinal health and transcriptome response. A 3 × 2 factorial design stocking experiment was conducted, using L. vannamei fed diets of two protein sources (FM and CAP) at three stocking densities with 100 per m3 (low, LSD), 200 per m3 (medium, MSD) and 300 per m3 (high, HSD) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trail, the growth performance and the resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus of shrimp decreased with the increase of stocking density, and dietary CAP could promote the effects at the same stocking density when compared with the FM group, with more notable enhancement effect at high stocking density was observed. There was a significant interaction between stocking density and protein source on the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LYS), amylase and lipase, most of which were significantly different between CAP and FM groups only at high stocking density. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing showed that dietary CAP increased the alpha diversity of intestinal microbiota, inhibited the colonization of pathogenic bacteria and enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Transcriptomics results showed that DEGs in the FM vs CAP group at the same stocking densities were mainly enriched in immune and metabolism-related pathways including Toll and Imd, PI3K-Akt, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant correlation between the top ten intestinal bacteria at the genus level and markedly enriched DEGs, also more were detected under high density situations. In conclusion, dietary CAP could not only promote the growth of shrimp, but also improves the immunity and metabolism, and maintains the intestinal health of shrimp when compared with dietary FM, along with more pronounced improvement effect at high-density stocking. The results implied that CAP had a great potential as a novel protein source in shrimp intensive aquaculture.

KAJIAN TEKNIS PEMELIHARAAN LARVA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) DI HATCHERY PT. NUSA DHARMA LAUTAN, KECAMATAN KALIPURO KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI JAWA TIMUR

The shrimp fry produced by hatcheries not according to standard. The problem is due to larval rearing techniques that do not comply with operational standards, Indonesian National Standards and Good Fish Hatchery Methods (CPIB). This causes the production of vaname shrimp larvae to be low, therefore it is necessary to increase the production of vaname shrimp larvae. Hatchery PT. Nusa Dharma Lautan is a vaname shrimp larva hatchery company located in Banyuwangi. Hatchery PT. Nusa Dharma Lautan has facilities that support technical activities for rearing larvae according to standards and has a CPIB certificate. So the aim of this research is to obtain technical data on rearing white shrimp larvae which includes tank preparation, media preparation, stocking of naupli, feed management, water quality management, larval growth monitoring, pest and disease control, harvest and post-harvest. This research was carried out during one shrimp seed rearing cycle at PT Nusa Dharma Lautan from March to June 2023. Research data was taken from three tanks (B10, B11 and B13). Naupli stocking density was 133-166 fish/liter. Naupli used from Hatchery PT. Situbondo Delta. Acclimatization is carried out using a flowtrough system for 45-60 minutes. The feed used is natural phytoplankton type Chaetoceros sp. and Artemia salina zooplankton as well as artificial feed in the form of liquid, powder and flakes (thin plates). The number of naupli stocked in B10 was 2400000 individuals with a density of 160 individuals/L, B11 was 2000000 individuals with a density of 133 individuals/L, B13 was 2500000 individuals with a density of 166 individuals/L. The survival results in each tank are 45% in the B10; 54.5.% in B11; 42.4% in B13. According to the data, the results of the survival rate are quite good because they exceed the SNI standard, at least 30%.

Dietary supplementation of micelle silymarin enhances the antioxidant status, innate immunity, growth performance, resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, and gut morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Silymarin, a flavonoid compound derived from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) is well-known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the effect of silymarin and micelle silymarin (MS) supplementation on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The experimental diets were formulated to include MS at levels of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg or silymarin at levels of 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg in the basal diet (Con, M0.25, M0.5, M1, M2, M4, S1 and S2, respectively). Juvenile shrimp (0.98 g) were fed with experimental diets (four replicates) for 42 days. The growth metrics were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in M0.25, M0.5, and M1 groups compared to the Con group. Feed conversion ratio decreased (P < 0.05) in M0.5, M1, and M2 groups, whereas the protein efficiency ratio increased (P < 0.05) in M0.5 and M1 groups compared to the Con group. Phenoloxidase, lysozyme, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced (P < 0.05), with the highest levels observed in the M0.5 group. Malondialdehyde level decreased (P < 0.05) in M1 and M2 groups compared to the Con group. Total protein increased (P < 0.05) in M0.25, M0.5 and S1 groups compared to the Con group. AST levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed M0.5, M1, M2, M4, and S2 groups, and ALT levels decreased (P < 0.05) in M1 and S2 groups compared to Con group. Wall thickness was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the M0.5 group, and villi length increased (P < 0.05) in M0.25, M0.5, and S1 groups. The resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus increased; however, no significant differences in cumulative survival were observed (P ˃ 0.05). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) proPO levels were observed in M0.5, M1, M2, M4, and S2 groups, whereas higher (P < 0.05) TLR-3 levels were observed in M1 and M2 groups compared to the Con group. TNF-α expression decreased (P < 0.05) in all other dietary treatments compared to the Con group. The findings suggest that dietary silymarin and MS can enhance growth, immune response, antioxidant capacity, gut morphology, and immune gene expression, while reducing lipid peroxidation and inflammation in Pacific white shrimp. The shrimp performance shows no significant difference between silymarin and MS groups at 1% and 2% levels. The optimal suggested inclusion level of MS in shrimp feed is 0.5–1.0 g/kg.

Climatic events and disease occurrence in intensive Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp farming in the Mekong area of Vietnam

As recurrent disease outbreaks impart economic adversity across the global shrimp farming sector in general, and in Asia in particular, clarifying determinants of outbreak susceptibility carries significance for sustainability in economic growth and social and environmental prospects. This study employs logistic regression to assess the probability of disease occurrence in intensive white leg shrimp (WLS) (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture under the impact of explanatory factors grouped in (1) farmers' perceptions of climatic events, (2) adaptation measures (3) farmer biodata, (4) farm site characteristics, (5) biosecurity measures, and (6) culture method. The analysis was performed using a survey of 267 Vietnamese small-scale intensive shrimp farms in the Mekong region. Significant contributors to lowering the chance of shrimp disease occurrence include (1) regularly carrying out feed conversion ratio calculations, (2) increasing participation in training programs and extension services, (3) implementing adaptive measures related to changes in feeding schedules, and (4) increasing stocking density. The main risk factors increasing the chance of shrimp disease are the duration of the crop and more years in operation. This quantitative evidence contributes to identifying important focal points for policymakers and intensive shrimp farmers in monitoring and managing the shrimp industry under the potential impacts of climate change.

Comparative analysis of the growth performance, vitality, body chemical composition and economic efficiency of the main cultivated strains of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in coastal areas of China

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is known for its fast growth, strong resistance to adversity, and high adaptability to various environments, which results in significant economic benefits. This study aimed to explore a simple and effective method for farmers to choose high-quality L. vannamei strains with fast growth, high survival rate, low transportation mortality rate, and high economic benefits. In this study, the three main cultivated strains (that is, “Haixingnong”, “Hairen”, and “Huanqiu” strains) of shrimp in coastal areas of China were used to compare the growth performance, survival, ability of dry stress tolerance and jumping, nutritional composition, and aquaculture economic benefits under greenhouse cultivation conditions by measuring and calculating the basic parameters of different strains, recording the survival rates of dry stress at different temperatures, statistics of bounce heights, official methods of official analytical chemicals international, and break-even analysis. The results showed that, after 122 days cultivation, there was no difference of growth performance and survival rate among the three strains (P > 0.05). The dry stress tolerance of “Hairen” strain shrimp was more affected by temperature, while “Haixingnong” strain was the least affected by temperature. The jumping ability and muscle burst strength of “Huanqiu” and “Hairen” strains were significantly stronger than “Haixingnong” strain (P < 0.05). Furthermore, for the amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS) in the three strains, there was no significant differences between Phe and Lys (P > 0.05), but the Thr, Val, Met, Ile, and Leu was significantly lower in “Huanqiu” strain than “Haixingnong” and “Hairen” strains (P < 0.05). According to the sensitivity analysis of the three strains, the sensitivity coefficients were ranked as follows: “Hairen” strain > “Huanqiu” strain > “Haixingnong” strain. The smaller the sensitivity coefficient, the stronger the ability to withstand market price fluctuation risk, therefore “Haixingnong” strain had the strongest ability to resist market price risk. It is worth noting that the feed coefficient of “Haixingnong” strain was significantly lower than that of the other two strains, and the net profit of “Haixingnong” strain was the highest among the three L. vannamei strains, indicating that farmers would have lower investment costs if they raised the “Haixingnong” strain. In summary, although “Huanqiu” and “Hairen” strains exhibited advantages in dry stress tolerance and jumping ability, a comprehensive assessment of growth performance and economic benefits in actual aquaculture indicated that the “Haixingnong” strain can bring more economic benefits to farmers.

Microplastic contamination in the Chanthaburi estuarine ecosystem, Eastern part of Thailand

Aim: The prevalence of plastic particles has become a global crisis for the environment pollution and human life. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of microplastics (MPs) in marine environments and to determine the relationships between MPs pollution and types of land use. Methodology: Two invertebrate species (Anadara granosa and Litopenaeus vannamei) and sediment samples were collected for the analysis of MPs accumulation in the Chanthaburi estuarine ecosystem. The microplastics contamination and pollution were determined with visual identification and environmental index, respectively. The abundance and the land use type of MPs in Chanthaburi Province were compared by a Geographic Information System (GIS). Results: The MPs contamination in the white shrimps were higher than the cockles. The black filamentous type of MPs was a major characteristic which ranged between 0.43–0.85 mm, 0.45–0.65 mm and 1.25 – 3.05 mm in A. granosa, L. vannamei and sediment, respectively. The MPs pollution index (PLI and BCF) showed low levels in the hazardous category. The Chanthaburi land use analysis showed variation in the land use change and a strong correlation between green areas and the MPs contamination. Interpretation: The statistical analysis suggested differences between MPs abundance in our samples.The utilization of agriculture and forest land use types could relieve the impact of MPs accumulation.This study also demonstrated the need for managing MPs pollution in Thai marine ecosystems. Key words: Anadara granosa, Chanthaburi, Estuarine ecosystem, Litopenaeus vannamei, Microplastics

Pathogens inactivation and preservation of Pacific white shrimp by atmospheric cold plasma treatment

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) efficacy in inactivating Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was investigated on fresh and frozen shrimp. ACP inactivation efficacy increased with treatment time (5–20 min) and treatment voltages (60–80 kV) due to increased reactive gas species. ACP yielded stronger pathogen inactivation on frozen versus fresh shrimp. ACP treatment at 80 kV for 30 min maximally reduced L. monocytogenes and V. parahaemolyticus by 0.94 and 1.26 log CFU/g on fresh shrimp and by 1.68 and 2.0 log CFU/g on frozen shrimp. During storage at 4 °C, ACP-treated shrimp exhibited slightly higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels but overall improved quality attributes, including lower total viable count, total volatile basic nitrogen, and pH, as well as higher sensory scores compared to the controls. ACP also extended shrimp shelf-life by 2 days. Therefore, ACP holds significant potential for seafood disinfection and preservation. Industrial relevanceACP effectively reduced levels of Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus on both fresh and frozen shrimp with greater inactivation effects on frozen shrimp. In addition to enhancing microbial safety, ACP also improved shrimp quality and extended shelf-life. ACP could readily be coupled with packaging technology and bio preservatives to enhance its efficacy. This research provides a foundation for the eventual industrial adoption of ACP technology to benefit both consumers through reduced pathogen risks, and seafood processors through improved product safety, quality, and shelf-life.

PvGeneExpDB: An integrative gene expression database for in-depth understanding on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a high-valued economic farming species. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, cumulative large-scale transcriptomic studies have been revealing molecular landscape of various biological conditions including genetic selection, breeding, evolution, disease landscape, etc. However, no single experiment or databases allow thorough investigations of transcriptomic dynamics for these progressions. Meanwhile, the available datasets are often scattered and lack management. Here, we have established PvGeneExpDB, the first gene expression database for L. vannamei (www.bio-marine-scau.com/pv_ex/), which encompasses gene expression profiles, differential expression, and co-expression analyses under various biological conditions. Based on the analyses of 7 datasets, which include 53 samples with accurate and detailed records, PvGeneExpDB identifies 20,599 novel transcripts, shows expression profiles of a total of 20,817 genes, and implements Gene Ontology (GO) reconstruction of 76.7 % of these genes. Besides, 26 co-expressed groups were first identified by large-scale, cross-sample Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). By integrating the gene expression data in the database, our goal is to deepen the biological understanding of L. vannamei.

Draft genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis strain 3TSA-3, a potential probiotic for Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei postlarvae isolated from commercial hatchery tanks.

We report the draft genome of Bacillus velezensis strain 3TSA-3, isolated from Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei postlarvae collected from a hatchery tank with high survival despite the presence of pathogenic Vibrio. The strain possesses genes encoding bacteriocins and lacks virulence factor genes, characteristics for a potential aquaculture probiotic.

Aurantiochytrium sp. Meal as Feed Additive for Pacific White Shrimp Reared under Low Temperature and Challenged by WSSV in Association with Thermal Stress

A study was conducted to test the inclusion of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal in the rearing of Penaeus vannamei grown in a clear water system and at a suboptimal temperature of 22 °C. The doses tested were 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and 4% at a stocking density of 100 shrimp/m3. Rearing was carried out with aeration and individual heaters, and seawater temperature was controlled with a chiller. After nine weeks, shrimp were weighed and hemolymph was collected for hemato-immunological tests, and growth performance were calculated. Shrimp raised at 22 °C and fed a 1% of dietary supplementation of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal were superior in immunological parameters. After the dietary assay, a total of 42 shrimps (10.9 ± 0.06 g) per treatment were infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). They were orally infected with 2.6 ± 106 virus particles per g of the animal, maintained at a suboptimal temperature of 22 °C for 108 h, and acclimated to an optimal temperature of 28 °C for an additional 48 h. At 7 days post infection, surviving shrimp were collected for hemato-immunological analysis. Cumulative mortality results showed that shrimp fed diets containing 3% and 4% Aurantiochytrium sp. meal had higher survival than other treatments when challenged with WSSV.

Stock assessment of white shrimp &lt;i&gt;Pasiphaea japonica&lt;/i&gt; in Toyama Bay using a continuous recruitment model

Stock assessment of white shrimp &lt;i&gt;Pasiphaea japonica&lt;/i&gt; in Toyama Bay using a continuous recruitment model

Rapidly increased greenhouse gas emissions by Pacific white shrimp aquacultural intensification and potential solutions for mitigation in China

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) plays a crucial role in global aquaculture, contributing significantly to farmed shrimp production, with China being a major contributor. In the last two decades, China's production of farmed L. vannamei experienced substantial growth due to expanded aquaculture areas and intensification. These processes can lead to increases in greenhouse gas emissions. However, the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions from L. vannamei aquaculture systems remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we systematically quantified greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) emissions in L. vannamei farming systems with different levels of intensification. Various emission sources were assessed, including infrastructure, energy use, feed production, and pond aquatic emissions. The estimates indicate that greenhouse gas emissions increased from 6159.35 ± 475.24 kg CO2e/t of L. vannamei in semi-intensive systems to 24,059.81 ± 3846.31 kg CO2e/t of L. vannamei in super-intensive systems. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions was primarily due to energy use (2395% increase) and infrastructure (15,939% increase). As a result, the greenhouse gas emissions from China's shrimp farming industry increased three-fold (from 5633.37 ± 177.40 to 19,730.68 ± 635.52 million kg CO2e) from 2003 to 2022, mainly contributed by coastal provinces. As the demand for high-quality aquatic products continues to increase, coupled with the urgent necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, there is a crucial requirement to lower the emissions associated with each unit of L. vannamei production. The results of this study suggest that reducing fossil fuel use, improving feed efficiency, promoting biofloc technology, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems may help to build climate-resilient sustainable aquaculture.